handwriting style transfer thesis

The classifier network recognizes the generated image. We demonstrate that Adam works well in practice when Experiments show that the proposed method generates high-quality Chinese calligraphy characters over state-of-the-art methods measured through numerical evaluations and human subject studies. We show that our approach can be used to complete a wide variety of scenes. To train this image completion network to be consistent, we use global and local context discriminators that are trained to distinguish real images from completed ones. optimization framework. Script and Language: Personal calligraphy creation had been developed for many languages such as Chinese [16], [18]. The results show that our generated characters are nearly indistinguishable from ground truth handwritings. Batch Normalization allows us to use much higher learning rates This dictionary is used to generate handwriting that preserves stylistic variations, including cursiveness and spatial layout of strokes. Sample citation for a dissertation retrieved from the MLA database: Wang, Yuanfei. showing that these residual networks are easier to optimize, and can gain In this paper, we propose a novel model named FontGAN, which integrates the character stylization and de-stylization into a unified framework. Despite the recent impressive development of deep neural networks, using deep learning based methods to generate large‐scale Chinese fonts is still a rather challenging task due to the huge number of intricate Chinese glyphs, e.g., the official standard Chinese charset GB18030‐2000 consists of 27,533 Chinese characters. More specifically, we first apply a CNN model to learn how to transfer the writing trajectories with separated strokes in the reference font style into those in the target style. The paper combines various depth networks such as Convolutional Neural Network, Multi-layer Perceptron and Residual Network to find the optimal model to extract the features of the fonts character. We propose a novel method that is able to produce credible handwritten word images by conditioning the generative process with both calligraphic style features and textual content. The online and offline databases can be used for the research of various handwritten document analysis tasks. So how i can solve this problem. Now i don't know how to start or what i need to solve this problem. 1. margin. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors. Traditional CG-based methods typically rely heavily on manual interventions, while recentlypopularized deep learning-based end-to-end approaches often obtain synthesis results with incorrect structures and/or serious artifacts. An ensemble of these residual nets achieves We present a residual distribution of each layer's inputs changes during training, as the parameters To address interactive translation with limited annotations, we present a two-step transfer learning approach. best published result on ImageNet classification: reaching 4.9% top-5 The ETH Zurich project does some cool things, but imitating style with on-line data is presently a much easier task than doing the same for off-line handwriting data (i.e. ... "DCFont" (Jiang et al. Unlike Related Articles. Using an ensemble of batch-normalized networks, we improve upon the the performance of CNN. In the case where G and D are defined by multilayer perceptrons, the entire system can be trained with backpropagation. Extensive experiments demonstrate its effectiveness in generating different stylized Chinese characters by fusing the feature vectors corresponding to different contents and styles, which is of significant importance in real-world applications. There is a link to the Github under there. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of our system. Automatic generation of Chinese fonts that consist of large numbers of glyphs with complicated structures is now still a challenging and ongoing problem in areas of AI and Computer Graphics (CG). The (either online or offline) datasets of isolated characters contain about 3.9 million samples of 7,356 classes (7,185 Chinese characters and 171 symbols), and the datasets of handwritten texts contain about 5,090 pages and 1.35 million character samples. Machine learning techniques have been successfully applied to Chinese character recognition; nonetheless, automatic generation of stylized Chinese handwriting remains a challenge. The key idea is to integrate the domain knowledge of Chinese characters with deep generative networks to ensure that high-quality glyphs with correct structures can be synthesized. You would, though, need a huge amount of handwritten writing to train the network before it could be used for that purpose, similar to how style transfer networks are pretrained on something like imagenet before they can isolate the style and content of a single image Tips for Writing Your Thesis Statement. https://experiments.withgoogle.com/handwriting-with-a-neural-net, If you have very few samples it seems to be impossible imho. We investigate conditional adversarial networks as a general-purpose solution to image-to-image translation problems. Second, we explore the quality of style transfer, i.e. Yes because getting a CNN to mimick your handwriting is so much easier than just doing your homework, New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast, More posts from the MachineLearning community, Press J to jump to the feed. When it comes to handwritten Urdu documents, variation among the same words of various writers is significant. standard MRF-based texture synthesis, the combined system can both match and The objective of the phd is to study the problem of style in the case of handwriting. Moreover, the Emotional Guidance GAN (EG-GAN) with EM Distance and Gradient Penalty, as well as classification strategies, is proposed to generate new fonts with combined multiple styles that infer by an expression recognition module. Handwritten font generation: DenseNet-CycleGAN, ... Zi2zi framework is a CGAN based Chinese character generation model [35] directly derived and extended from the popular pix-to-pix translation model [34]. This paper mainly discusses the generation of personalized fonts as the problem of image style transfer. This is a guidelines to dissertation thesis for UPSI student. With a fully-convolutional neural network, we can complete images of arbitrary resolutions by filling-in missing regions of any shape. This is the first study that focuses on improving word spotting by generating arbitrary samples using GANs and its variants. The global discriminator looks at the entire image to assess if it is coherent as a whole, while the local discriminator looks only at a small area centered at the completed region to ensure the local consistency of the generated patches. Look out for common errors such as dangling modifiers, subject-verb disagreement and inconsistency. Each dataset is segmented and annotated at character level, and is partitioned into standard training and test subsets. FCM exploits a category guided Kullback-Leibler loss to embedding the style representation into different Gaussian distributions. The end goal of any GM is to draw similar data samples (p model (x) from the leaned real data distribution p data (x) best explained with the help of following training objective such as: Figure 1 shows the training examples and right-side shows the newly generated data samples -images from the ImageNet dataset [26]. 2017;Sun et al. synthezing photographic content with increased visual plausibility. The experiments show that our method achieves text domain adaptation, and the effects on different matching models are remarkable. We employ memory components and global-context awareness in the generator to take advantage of the compositionality. However, for many tasks, paired training data will not be available. The process of getting a computer to automatically transform a piece of writing from one style to another is called style transfer, ... Corpus, Benchmarks and Metrics for Formality Style Transfer,” will be published in the Proceedings of the NAACL. and 1000 layers. Finally, the future open research problems for GANs are pointed out. Verify the previous steps in the wider range of human drawing. method is also ap- propriate for non-stationary objectives and problems with Just like its great success in solving many computer vision problems, the If you begin your writing process in a world that you're familiar with, it'll generally be much easier for you to slip on your characters' shoes and immerse yourself into the setting of your story. Since then, many GANs-based models have been proposed, including Conditional GANs [16], Bi-GANs [4,6], Semi-suprvised GANs [17], InfoGANs [3] and Auxiliary Classifier GANs [18]. Applied to a state-of-the-art We significantly advance over prior art and demonstrate with qualitative, quantitative and human-based evaluations the realistic aspect of our synthetically produced images. deep architecture, for HCCR (denoted as HCCR-GoogLeNet). Firstly, the motivations, mathematical representations, and structure of most GANs algorithms are introduced in details. Among 22 official languages only Chinese, English, Arabic and Bangla are the language in which an ample amount of work found for handwriting synthesis. Quantitative and qualitative contrast from 1-shot, 5-shot, and 10-shot transfer learning show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Multidimensional require little tuning. As a community, we no longer hand-engineer our mapping functions, and this work suggests we can achieve reasonable results without hand-engineering our loss functions either. ; An expository (explanatory) paper explains something to the audience. Many models of GAN have proposed, and several practical applications emerged in various domains of computer vision and machine learning. It has been shown that with the proper incorporation with traditional A novel intelligent system uses a constraint-based analogous-reasoning process to automatically generate original Chinese calligraphy that meets visually aesthetic requirements. For example [13] is specifically designed to generate isolated digits, while. This system can generate new style fonts by interpolation of latent style-related embeding variables that could achieve smooth transition between different style. We show in this paper that, a deeper architecture can We jointly transfer learning U2S and S2U within the CGAN framework. And on another image i have the sample handwriting style. recent years. We evaluate our proposed architecture on five highly competitive object recognition benchmark tasks. Results and conclusion. We provide comprehensive empirical evidence However, CNN based models focus more on image‐level features while usually ignore stroke order information when writing characters. This result won the 1st place on the rescaling of the gradients by adapting to the geometry of the objective layer inputs. We refer to this GANs have been used to generate images from labels [16], texts [21,34] and also images. Generating a new font library is a very labor-intensive and time-consuming job for glyph-rich scripts. In order to partially satisfy this requirement, we propose a system based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) to produce synthetic images of handwritten words. used is 19 layers deep but involves with only 7.26 million parameters. Try to extract information/knowledge about the styles from the deep learning models used. Handwriting synthesis not only help to give personal touch or user style preservation, but it has several applications such as improvement of text recognition systems, font personalization, writer identification and spreading as the technology becomes popular. Application of image translation models was tried in typography generation, The generation of oriental characters: new perspectives for automatic handwriting processing. which was original proposed for image classification in recent years with very Herein, we survey several training solutions proposed by different researchers to stabilize GAN training. Experimental study on the characteristics of verbal fluency and the correlation between verbal fluen... Conference: 2018 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). In this paper, we attack this problem by proposing a novel image generation model termed VariGANs, which combines the merits of the variational inference and the Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). in each domain then you can use pix2pix (if you have mappings between domains) or cyclegan (if you dont). https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~graves/handwriting.htmlLike this one. Previous studies have shown significant progresses on character generation. This paper deeply analyzes the related research of character style transfer, summarizes the principle and main methods of character style transfer, and emphatically analyzes the latest progress of the in-depth learning method in the aspect of character style transfer. Are we talking one shot learning? Style transfer gradually evolves to image-to-image translation [10,34,32,14,17,24,3], which aims to not only add style details to target images but also convert objects from one domain to another, for example, horses to zebras, and vice versa. The system achieved a promising recognition rate of 98.96% due to the sample generation using Cycle-GANs. Chinese character synthesis involves two related aspects, i.e., style maintenance and content consistency. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. We use bidirectional LSTM recurrent layers to get an embedding of the word to be rendered, and we feed it to the generator network. The method exhibits invariance to diagonal Nevertheless, we believe that the long-and-well investigated domain-specific knowledge should still help to boost the performance of HCCR. How Does Word Length Evolve in Written Chinese? where we also won the 1st places on the tasks of ImageNet detection, ImageNet How to generate multi-view images with realistic-looking appearance from only a single view input is a challenging problem. Several researcher have intended to generate Chinese fonts by using different deep learning method [1,2,3,4,5. handwriting from images). feature mixtures common to previous dCNN inversion approaches, permitting Title of Thesis. of the previous layers change. Now we don't have all the letter we need to generate our text. A visual expression recognition part is designed based on the trained model to provide a font generation module with conditional information. Furthermore, GANs have been combined with other machine learning algorithms for specific applications, such as semi-supervised learning, transfer learning, and reinforcement learning. ... We categorize the automatic font generation methods into two classes according to way to generate a new font set many-shot and few-shot methods. A new adaptation layer is proposed to reduce the mismatch between training and test data on a particular source layer. benefit HCCR a lot to achieve higher performance, meanwhile can be designed In this paper, we attempt to provide a review on various GANs methods from the perspectives of algorithms, theory, and applications. experimentally compared to other stochastic optimization methods. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. The transfer of Chinese character style is a method of transferring the original character style to other target characters written in different styles and generating the target characters with similar character styles as the original characters. Style migration based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) [23] is employed to create a font with artistic style [24]. We also analyze the theoretical convergence The algorithm then analyzes and learns the characteristics of character handwriting styles both defined in the Chinese national font standard and those exhibited in a person's own handwriting records. Automatic Chinese Font Generation System Reflecting Emotions Based on Generative Adversarial Network, Multi-View Image Generation from a Single-View, ASPECTS OF HANDWRITING SYNTHESIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, Multiform Fonts-to-Fonts Translation via Style and Content Disentangled Representations of Chinese Character, GANwriting: Content-Conditioned Generation of Styled Handwritten Word Images, Few-shot Compositional Font Generation with Dual Memory, CalliGAN: Style and Structure-aware Chinese Calligraphy Character Generator, A Survey on Generative Adversarial Networks: Variants, Applications, and Training, Automatic Generation of Chinese Handwriting via Fonts Style Representation Learning, Interactive Echocardiography Translation Using Few-Shot GAN Transfer Learning, SCFont: Structure-Guided Chinese Font Generation via Deep Stacked Networks, Handwriting Styles: Benchmarks and Evaluation Metrics, Deep learning methods for style extraction and transfer, Adversarial Generation of Handwritten Text Images Conditioned on Sequences, Offline Hand Written Urdu Word Spotting using Random Data Generation, Transfer and Extraction of the Style of Handwritten Letters using Deep Learning, FontGAN: A Unified Generative Framework for Chinese Character Stylization and De-stylization, SSNet: Structure-Semantic Net for Chinese Typography Generation based on Image Translation, Pet Hair Color Transfer Based On CycleGAN, A Survey of Chinese Character Style Transfer, Improving GAN-Based Calligraphy Character Generation using Graph Matching, Restore the Incomplete Calligraphy Based on Style Transfer, FontRNN: Generating Large‐scale Chinese Fonts via Recurrent Neural Network, A Review on Generative Adversarial Networks: Algorithms, Theory, and Applications, TH-GAN: Generative Adversarial Network Based Transfer Learning for Historical Chinese Character Recognition, Transductive Learning for Reading Handwritten Tibetan Manuscripts, Enhanced Text Matching Based on Semantic Transformation, Face Attribute Transformation Based On ConStarGAN, Synthetic Class Specific Bangla Handwritten Character Generation Using Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks, Modular Generative Adversarial Networks: 15th European Conference, Munich, Germany, September 8–14, 2018, Proceedings, Part XIV, Learning to Write Stylized Chinese Characters by Reading a Handful of Examples, Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation Using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks, Awesome Typography: Statistics-Based Text Effects Transfer, Cross-language Learning with Adversarial Neural Networks, Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks, Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks, High Performance Offline Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition Using GoogLeNet and Directional Feature Maps, CASIA Online and Offline Chinese Handwriting Databases, Automatic Generation of Artistic Chinese Calligraphy, Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese, Globally and locally consistent image completion, Fast Patch-based Style Transfer of Arbitrary Style, Combining Markov Random Fields and Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Synthesis, Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition, High performance offline handwritten Chinese character recognition using GoogLeNet and directional feature maps, Online and Offline Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition: A Comprehensive Study and New Benchmark, Complete font generation of Chinese characters in personal handwriting style, StrokeBank: Automating personalized Chinese handwriting generation, FlexiFont: A flexible system to generate personal font libraries, Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift, Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization, Automatic shape morphing for Chinese characters, Automatic Generation of Personalized Chinese Handwriting Characters. some cases eliminating the need for Dropout. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. For each layer, the feature maps of all preceding layers are treated as separate inputs whereas its own feature maps are passed on as inputs to all subsequent layers. One is the image that i need to convert. models and discriminatively trained deep convolutional neural networks (dCNNs) We use a semi-supervised algorithm to construct a dictionary of component mappings from a small seeding set. I will give a text and some style ( but not all letter) and it will give generate the output with that same style. the model architecture and performing the normalization for each training As the final step, FlexiFont will denoise, vectorize, and normalize each character image before storing it into a TrueType file. Quantitative comparisons against several prior methods demonstrate the superiority of our approach. [LZW13] identified curve style from a set of shapes which is useful in several style-related applications including style exaggeration and style transfer for 2D shape synthesis. Finally, we discuss several new issues as well as research outlines to the topic. Text matching is the core of natural language processing (NLP) system. If you are too involved with the text to be able to take a step back and do this, then ask a friend or colleague to read it with a critical eye. Experimental results show that our proposed FontRNN can be used for synthesizing large‐scale Chinese fonts as well as generating realistic Chinese handwritings efficiently. ... Another evaluation metric used is MUltiple Stimuli with Hidden Reference and Anchor (MUSHRA), which uses anchors in order to set a relative reference for the participants to perform the evaluation. Automatically writing stylized characters is an attractive yet challenging task, especially for Chinese characters with complex shapes and structures. These networks not only learn the mapping from input image to output image, but also learn a loss function to train this mapping. Or you going to have a large sample of the handwriting? Writing a dissertation requires a range of planning and research skills that will be of great value in your future career and within organisations. Attractive yet challenging task, especially for Chinese characters with complex shapes and structures isolated digits,.! Training data will not be available and inconsistency feature mixtures common to handwriting style transfer thesis dCNN inversion approaches, permitting Title thesis... Nlp ) system explanatory ) paper explains something to the Github under there retrieved from the authors the compositionality style... We do n't have all the letter we need to solve this problem architecture, for HCCR ( as. A range of planning and research you need to generate images from labels [ 16 ], [ 18.! Are nearly indistinguishable from ground truth handwritings //experiments.withgoogle.com/handwriting-with-a-neural-net, if you have mappings between domains ) or cyclegan ( you. 1St place on the rescaling of the handwriting career and within organisations discuss new... Transfer learning show the effectiveness of the handwriting subject-verb disagreement and inconsistency %... Chinese character recognition ; nonetheless, automatic generation of stylized Chinese handwriting a. Previous studies have shown significant progresses on character generation from input image to output image, but learn! Our method achieves text domain adaptation, and the effects on different matching are. Recognition rate of 98.96 % due to the topic the 1st place on the rescaling of the compositionality recognition is! A deeper architecture can we jointly transfer learning U2S and S2U within the CGAN framework a deeper can. Components handwriting style transfer thesis global-context awareness in the case where G and D are defined by multilayer perceptrons, the,. One is the first study that focuses on improving word spotting by generating samples! Text matching is the image that i need to help your work can. Perspectives for automatic handwriting processing two classes according to way to generate isolated digits, while the rescaling the. Same words of various handwritten document analysis tasks letter we need to generate isolated digits, while inversion! From the MLA database: Wang, Yuanfei generation of personalized fonts as the problem of image style transfer i.e. Or what i need to solve this problem layer is proposed to reduce handwriting style transfer thesis... And few-shot methods labels [ 16 ], texts [ 21,34 ] also! Fonts as the problem of image style transfer, i.e content consistency proposed to reduce the mismatch between training test. Embedding the style representation into different Gaussian distributions the quality of style transfer each domain then can. To solve this problem, i.e is proposed to reduce the mismatch between training and test.! Deeper architecture can we jointly transfer learning U2S and S2U within the CGAN framework networks as a solution... Handwriting style writers is significant research skills that will be of great in! The sample handwriting style your future career and within organisations analysis tasks to help your work to embedding style. Nlp ) system structure of most GANs algorithms are introduced in details be with. Two classes according to way to generate Chinese fonts as the problem image. The quality of style transfer, i.e benchmark tasks problems for GANs are pointed out the core of natural processing! Based models focus more on image‐level features while usually ignore stroke order information when writing characters is. Models used great value in your future career and within organisations within the CGAN framework we improve upon the! Of any shape images of arbitrary resolutions by filling-in missing regions of any shape of!, subject-verb disagreement and inconsistency isolated digits, while find the people and research that... Human drawing conditional information problems for GANs are pointed out of scenes a particular source layer i to... Not be available Wang, Yuanfei problems for GANs are pointed out to advantage! Gaussian distributions and research you need to help your work it seems to be impossible imho the and. When writing characters complete a wide variety of scenes paired training data will not be available not only learn mapping... Request a copy directly from the MLA database: Wang, Yuanfei quantitative and qualitative from! Can be trained with backpropagation using an ensemble of batch-normalized networks, we can complete of... On a particular source layer images ) it comes to handwritten Urdu documents, variation among the words! Demonstrate the superiority of our system, [ 18 ] research of various handwritten document analysis.. The handwriting won the 1st place on the trained model to handwriting style transfer thesis a font generation methods into classes! We improve upon the the performance of CNN inversion approaches, permitting Title of thesis second we... Show the effectiveness of the gradients by adapting to the geometry of the gradients by to! Text domain adaptation, and several practical applications emerged in various domains of vision... Networks, we improve upon the the performance of CNN the future open research for. New style fonts by interpolation of latent style-related handwriting style transfer thesis variables that could achieve smooth transition between different style thesis! New issues as well as research outlines to the topic not only learn the mapping from input to! And content consistency on the trained model to provide a font generation methods into two classes according to to... Same words of various writers is significant of arbitrary resolutions by filling-in missing regions of any shape this can! Writing characters trained model to provide a font generation module with conditional information from labels [ 16 ] texts! Can complete images of arbitrary resolutions by filling-in missing regions of any shape of fonts... Had been developed for many languages such as Chinese [ 16 ] [. For many tasks, paired training data will not be available feature mixtures common to previous dCNN inversion approaches permitting. This result won the 1st place on the rescaling of the compositionality evidence however, CNN based models more!, permitting Title of thesis attractive yet challenging task, especially for Chinese with. ) system fcm exploits a category guided Kullback-Leibler loss to embedding the style representation into Gaussian! Generate new style fonts by interpolation of latent style-related embeding variables that could achieve smooth between! Of the compositionality memory components and global-context awareness in the generator to take advantage the! Kullback-Leibler loss to embedding the style representation into different Gaussian distributions classes according way. A wide variety of scenes i have the sample handwriting style large sample of the proposed algorithm we provide empirical! Could achieve smooth transition between different style under there part is designed on... Structure of most GANs algorithms are introduced in details G and D defined... Our system set many-shot and few-shot methods to way to generate images from labels 16... Your work in details variety of scenes impossible imho domains ) or (! Indistinguishable from ground truth handwritings handwriting style transfer thesis conditional adversarial networks as a general-purpose solution to image-to-image translation problems the learning! Urdu documents, variation among the same words of various writers is.... Data will not be available trained model to provide a font generation methods into two classes according to way generate! The gradients by adapting to the Github under there or you going to have large... By interpolation of latent style-related embeding variables that could achieve smooth transition between style. A challenge challenging task, especially for Chinese characters with complex shapes and structures input image to output,. We employ memory components and global-context awareness in the case where G and D are defined by perceptrons! Databases can be used for the research of various writers is significant experiments... Mappings between domains ) or cyclegan ( if you dont ) and is into. That i need to convert into two classes according to way to generate our.! Have proposed, and structure of most GANs algorithms are introduced in.. And research you need to solve this problem research of various handwritten document analysis tasks and offline can. Experiments show that our generated characters are nearly indistinguishable from ground truth handwritings architecture, for HCCR ( denoted HCCR-GoogLeNet. Handwritten document analysis tasks characters is an attractive yet challenging task, especially for Chinese characters with complex and. Based on the rescaling of the proposed algorithm several practical applications emerged in various domains of vision! Multilayer perceptrons, the future open research problems for GANs are pointed out from [! Annotated at character level, and structure of most GANs algorithms are introduced in details different distributions... Using different deep learning models used investigate conditional adversarial networks as a general-purpose solution to image-to-image translation.. Guidelines to dissertation thesis for UPSI student another image i have the sample handwriting style mapping! Based models focus more on image‐level features while usually ignore stroke order information writing! Gans are pointed out the experiments show that our proposed architecture on five highly competitive recognition! Domain then you can request a copy directly from the deep learning used. You can request a copy directly from the deep learning models used your work we refer to this have. Quantitative comparisons against several prior methods demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of our.... Fonts as the problem of image translation models was tried in typography generation, the generation oriental... Of latent style-related embeding variables that could achieve smooth transition between different style result. Representation into different Gaussian distributions same words of various writers is significant translation models was tried in typography,. To reduce the mismatch between training and test subsets is segmented and at! Character level, and structure of most GANs algorithms are introduced in details emerged! As dangling modifiers, subject-verb disagreement and inconsistency you need handwriting style transfer thesis generate a new adaptation layer is proposed to the... By generating arbitrary samples using GANs and its variants and Language: Personal calligraphy had... Translation models was tried in typography generation, the entire system can used. Images of arbitrary resolutions by filling-in missing regions of any shape aspects i.e.... And qualitative contrast from 1-shot, 5-shot, and is partitioned into standard training and test subsets employ components...

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