how to write an abstract economics essay

Thus a joint BEA / Ministry of Fuel and Power working party on CHP which operated from 1952 to 1955 steered completely clear of questions of national potential or policy. There was little political impetus and none of the upheaval in the sector which characterised period II. Introduction It was sometimes dismissive, but on the whole it dutifully, if cautiously and conservatively, considered proposals brought to it from outside. The essay abstract also needs to be properly edited for sentence structure and spelling errors. Of the major city plans the only remnant was the Pimlico scheme, supplying a set of housing estates across the Thames from a small back-pressure turbine tacked onto Battersea power station. First, what has been the focus of understanding in business-to-business marketing theory and what should be its future focus? The extent of this reluctance actively to plan and coordinate the sector – indeed antipathy within the permanent bureaucracy – can be seen most clearly in its dilution and avoidance of recommendations in the already ambivalent and inconsistent Ridley report of 1952. While some of the earliest initiatives on CHP and DH came from central government, especially from Fuel and Power, its role was characterised by ambivalence – reflecting conflicting interests and opinions within government and among advisers – and a steady retreat from any idea of a strong coordinating role in the sector. Many of the technical and economic problems, the economic and social merits and disadvantages, and the different ways of assessing them, were rehearsed by early this century. You must cite at least three scholarly sources within the context of your work and cite your references according to APA, Economics is made up of two smaller categories microeconomics, and macroeconomics. In addition, severe fuel shortages made efficiency in energy use a major concern. Reading: Microeconomics of Customer Relationships made so even students in basic principles courses can understand the concepts in simple economic models. Since local authorities had no general powers for DH or for generating electricity, they had to promote Local Bills in Parliament. <-explains practical implications of what the student has found. For this audience, however, I want to concentrate on the framework of analysis. Overview on the Reading Reflection on Microeconomics Class Yet there has still been little attempt to understand and learn from the long and sorry history of its neglect, and implicit explanations remain inadequate. But the Dundee experience did not persuade other local councils to follow its lead.   These examples show what an essay abstract would look like: Business management essay abstract example: (total 97 words), Title: "Business-to-business Service Marketing: How does it differ from business-to-business product marketing? However, there were a lot of concepts. <-explains the results, Business essay abstract example 2: (total 183 words), Title: "The surpluses and shortages in business-to-business marketing theory and research", "Business-to-business marketing has come of age in the last three decades and research in this area has been extensive and impressive. Early pronouncements from the Ministry of Fuel and Power and to a lesser extent the Ministry of Housing actively encouraged proposals. Include an explanation of your methods of research. Some pressed their case to official bodies like the Royal Commission on Coal Supplies in 1903. For years the only CHP/DH scheme to which those interested could turn for experience, much studied and visited, Pimlico was actually a continuous headache for the BEA and its successors, committed as it was to a 30-year supply. Professor Carter PART I Many small generating stations were being scrapped and supply consolidated into larger public stations, a process encouraged during WW1 and which underlay the approach of the committees tackling the reorganisation of the supply industry.Some engineers professed sympathy for the idea but stressed practical problems and doubtful economics; others explicitly regarded CHP as a ‘retrograde policy’. In a YouTube video titled “AP Econ Music Video Microeconomics SPHA”, a group of teenagers worked on a music, Reading: Microeconomics of Customer Relationships Electrical engineers, most in the employ of electricity undertakings, argued strongly and almost exclusively for the trajectory of increasing electrical efficiency through larger turbines with improved steam conditions. When writing an abstract for your essay, there are some key points you need to keep in mind: The length of your abstract will usually be set by your tutor at the same time as setting your essay assignment. The term economics is the broader term, however within this, there are additional fields such as microeconomics and macroeconomics. It is important to study economics even if you are not a business owner. They hit difficulties with the electricity supply industry over CHP sources. By various techniques it is possible to produce reject heat at a temperature useful for space heating or industrial process heating, giving a much higher overall efficiency of conversion and saving fuel over separate production of electricity and heat. The main problems anticipated were in adjusting the mix of ‘four fuels’ to ‘exploit the new opportunities’ of cheap natural gas, oil and nuclear power ‘to the greatest benefit of the country’, and in avoiding social dislocation – particularly from the run-down of the coal industry. "The essay is analogous to the widely cited paper by Sheth (1979) that reviewed the state of consumer behavior research and identified areas that had been unexplored or under-explored, and in the process provided an impetus for new research in consumer behavior". Writing a Paper—a Good Paper 8 3. Reread the essay and look for any key sentences that support your thesis statement. A good abstract will cover the reasons why you wrote about your topic, the information that supported your thesis, and how the conclusion was reached. Before the study on which this paper is based, no comprehensive account of the history of the option in Britain existed. Module 1 Homework CHP was seen as marginal to the main thrust of the growth and operation of the supply industry in large centralised condensing stations, increasingly remote from major heat loads. 2 A Guide to Writing in Economics Prepared by Paul Dudenhefer, Writing Tutor, EcoTeach Center and Department of Economics, Duke University Introduction 5 Part I: Writing Itself 1. They finally began to make some impact through participation in central government advisory bodies, which relied heavily on outside expertise for many subjects, and in acting as consultants to local authorities in their planning for postwar reconstruction. Microeconomics is primarily concerned with factors that affect individual choices, the effect of changes in these factors on the individual decision makers, how their choices are coordinated by markets, and how prices and demand are determined in individual markets. The little activity on CHP/DH that can be traced must be situated in the organisational and technical development of the key institutions – the electricity industry and central and local government – and developing relations between them. Efficiency of fuel use was the dominant concern of government inquiries in the sector in the interwar years. Revised on August 13, 2020. Oligopoly | Few | Homogenous or Differentiated | Yes | Downward Sloping | MR = MC | These were expert committees; legislative processes; professional and public debate; negotiations over specific schemes; and importantly, since none of the major actors were monolithic in their approach, internal debates and processes in each organisation. DH seemed to fit the times: it appealed to architects and local authorities as part of rationally designed services; it offered the higher heating standards being widely advocated; would help combat air pollution; it could alleviate pressing refuse disposal problems; and it promised cheaper heat after poor initial experiences with, for example, electric underfloor heating. Writing Is Thinking 7 2. With cheap natural gas as an alternative, the conditions in which DH remained truly economic were again probably exceptional, but a dearth of systematic data on performance makes this hard to assess. Some 30 councils had obtained powers by 1955. One by one, for a variety of contingent reasons, they were cut back to more modest pilot ventures. But government records show that Housing’s enthusiasm for DH declined sharply as shortages of materials, money and labour bit hard in the late 40s. Privately, its attitude slowly hardened as the implications of CHP stations outside its ownership, or of CHP operation of its own stations, became clear. If you need to write a paper on economics, our Writing service online will help you. DH this time was caught up in the manoeuvring of the energy industries over the domestic market, among the competitive advertising, discriminatory tariffs and connection charges, or threats and accusations of such, which as some commentators observed, verged on the absurd and produced irrational results. Many felt they had enough problems without taking on a dubious second function, incidental to their main activity. Whilst most dissertations will include an abstract, being asked to write an essay abstract is more This essay examines the extant body of business-to-business marketing research and identifies surpluses and shortages with the goal of stimulating future research." Few further schemes were contemplated in the 50s and 60s, and fewer installed. The essay identifies areas of business-to-business marketing research that have received surplus attention and areas that require additional attention." The activity on CHP/DH that can be traced must be situated in the development and relations of key organisations – the electricity industry and central and local government. Heat from combined heat and power plant, or from another central source, can be piped in the form of hot water or steam to users’ premises, in ‘district heating’ networks. Directions: Please draft a three page long document in APA format in which you address the questions below. Some of the early schemes were sizeable, like the 14MWh Billingham centre project on Teesside, and the Nottingham scheme, a prototype joint public sector venture which used coal and refuse sources totalling 75MWh and included a small CHP component.Several university and hospital schemes had loads of over 50MWh. The oil companies quickly followed suit, and from 1966 a spate of heat service companies competed to offer local authorities and other institutions a complete and tempting package. Publicly the BEA remained mildly pessimistic but was prepared to consider ideas brought to it. A good template to use for an essay abstract is as follows: The abstract should be the last part of your essay that is written. Interest in CHP, and increased pressure to introduce it, came at a time of fundamental rationalisation and reorganisation of the industry, and the option suffered because it got caught up in three overlapping issues of major importance to electricity supply development in Britain: coal shortages and conservation; the need for an urgent programme to build generating capacity, after inadequate construction and maintenance in wartime and with rapidly increasing demand; and above all the process by which the BEA, like the other nationalised industries, worked out its terms of operation and particularly its working relation to its nominally controlling Ministry. Perfect Competition | Many | Homogenous | No | Horizontal (perfectly elastic) | MR = MC | Microeconomics offered an interesting, and potentially more useful, perspective on the market because it essentially told us how our individual decisions affect the market. For the coal industry DH barely made a dent in the steady fall in its domestic sales. This will help you reference them later on and to make sure they are included. As that paradigm became entrenched, CHP could only be contemplated or accepted if it did not interfere with the main business – to the extent that such alternative forms of generation could exist in the physical and organisational interstices of the growing industry, in a specific combination of conditions that became ever more unlikely. By that time most of the major proposals had already been shelved, including those it took as models. The worsening economics and unfavourable reputation turned local authorities away from it – ruling out further schemes and dismantling some existing ones – just at the time that the idea of city-wide CHP/DH of a national scale was revived in the wake of the oil crisis of the mid-70s. Monopolistic Competition | Many | Differentiated | No | Downward Sloping | MR = MC | III: The 1960s and Early 1970s The newly nationalised electricity supply industry initially had open-minded discussions at the highest level on the possibility of its own CHP stations, but had no time to formulate an explicit policy before it was caught up in responding to local authorities’ proposals and their Local Bills. Electricity production and the provision of heat are almost entirely separate activities, physically and institutionally. Revised on September 25, 2020. Though standard provisions were worked out over the first few examples, the process remained long and discouraging. In this abstract, the results are discussed before the methods—usually it makes sense to write it the other way around. If you need to write a paper on economics, our Writing service online will help you. The Electricity Commission, an agency set up in 1919 to coordinate and attempt to rationalise the chaotic structure of the industry, with its multitude of small private and local government undertakings, barely ever mentioned it. The rate and extent of DH introduction is difficult to estimate, mainly because contemporary accounts often optimistically mixed proposals with actual installations, and little reliable data was produced on the latter. I shall try to demonstrate that an explanation of the neglect of CHP/DH requires instead a historical and structural analysis of its context: the energy sector and its broader social and economic role. It requires instead a historical and structural analysis of the context: the energy sector and its broader social and economic role. CHP became topical again in Britain in the 1980s, and indeed found itself at the intersection of a number of debates and advocated by a variety of groups. The British Electricity Authority did its own feasibility studies, and genuinely pursued a few promising possibilities, albeit as a side show. Microeconomics is affected by the law of supply and demand which is constantly changing by the purchasing power of the consumers and the availability of products. Second, what has been the purpose or objective to study business-to-business marketing and what should be the future objective for research?" The Ministry of fuel and Power and to a lesser extent the Ministry of fuel was. Schemes how to write an abstract economics essay contemplated in the sector which characterised period II you are not a business owner almost entirely activities! Microeconomics of Customer Relationships made so even students in basic principles courses can understand concepts! Second, what has been the purpose or objective to study economics even if you are not business. 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