university of toronto writing paragraphs article

The researchers will conduct periodic studies to explore whether these value changes are permanent and continue into adulthood. The diaphragm was then cut and the thoracic contents removed through the abdominal incision. —Lynn E. McCutcheon, et al., “Conceptualization and Measurement of Celebrity Worship”. Supporting Academic Integrity In your Courses. The rules in the chart do not work in all situations. This movement occurs both within the paragraph and between paragraphs. The condition is often not noticeable in the child’s first year, yet it becomes more apparent as the child reaches the age of two or three. Are the sources being used to support the student’s points, or are they just being summarized and used as padding? This student may have very little writing experience in any language, so you might suggest doing practice writing, perhaps through Reading eWriting (for undergraduates in Arts and Science). Do you sense some authority in the writing? Following these extractions began the slow process of sterilization and dehydration of the body, accomplished by osmosis with dry natron. Written by Margaret Procter, Writing Support, and Vikki Visvis, University College Writing Centre. Here, the first sentence establishes for the reader the existence of the writer's former phobia. Marking strategy: If the student makes good points but doesn’t present them clearly, use one paragraph as an example, marking what would make a good opening/topic sentence.Show how specific details, explanations, and supporting evidence should follow further into the paragraph. CTL Writing Support works with students at all stages of assignment development: from brainstorming and developing an outline to constructing introductions, body paragraphs and conclusions, to citation, referencing, editing and proofreading. The point of my professor's exams was to make sure we understood the course material. Written by Jerry Plotnick, Director, UC Writing Centre. Even as you prompt the student’s critical development, you may wish to reward this intellectual seriousness. On the other hand, Kanner regarded autism as a consequence of harmful childrearing practices. Space limitations may guide you in your choice. . Summarizing a text, or distilling its essential concepts into a paragraph or two, is a useful study tool as well as good writing practice. Choose just a couple of sample sentences, and show how you would rewrite them. Avoid sarcasm. In Harry’s world fate works not only through powers and objects such as prophecies, the Sorting Hat, wands, and the Goblet of Fire, but also through people. Questions: Is the student mistakenly aiming at an elaborate, “high” English style, and then becoming verbally tangled? There are only two articles in the English language: the and a (and its variant an, used before a word that starts with a vowel sound). The psychological study of celebrity and fame has generally followed three trends. Specialized linking words can also be powerful tools for pulling ideas together. Point out a few examples of places that lack sufficient explanation. Usually, paragraphs are between one-third and two-thirds of a page double spaced. This type of reiteration stalls or disrupts the development of ideas as well as the logical progression to the next paragraph. Points 11 to 21 are particularly important for science and social science. The Writing Center Campus Box #5135 0127 SASB North 450 Ridge Road Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (919) 962-7710 writing_center@unc.edu Look for dominant modes of rhetoric. Writing Centres Offer Extended Hours for Remainder of Spring Term, Writing Centre Openings During Reading Week, Language and Place: Mapping Multilingual Journeys mini-course, FREE Quality English Language Instruction, Writing Plus Workshops: Organizing your Essay, Writing Plus Workshops: Admissions Letters and Personal Statements, Writing Plus Workshops: Practical Grammar, Writing Plus Workshops: Revising your Essay. Along with quotation, paraphrase and summary provide the main tools for integrating your sources into your papers. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Dobby repeatedly assumes control over events by intercepting Ron’s and Hermione’s letters during the summer; by sealing the barrier to Platform 93⁄4, causing Harry to miss the Hogwarts Express; and by sending a Bludger after Harry in a Quidditch match, breaking his wrist. Re-Imagining & Reinventing Undergraduate Education, Centre for Drama, Theatre, and Performance Studies, Mark S. Bonham Centre Sexual Diversity Studies, Statement of Acknowledgement of Traditional Land. “Flow” is a word used to describe the way a paragraph moves from idea to idea. Like the thesis statement, a topic sentence has a unifying function. Divide. Articles are special modifiers that appear before nouns or noun phrases. Note: Not all paragraphs need topic sentences. It’s perhaps not surprising that Marshall McLuhan, the most influential communications expert of the twentieth century, was a Canadian. Minois concluded his overview by suggesting that old age was something “which the early Middle Ages were decidedly not concerned about” (1989: 155). Questions: Do the paragraphs, too, seem structured to lead up to ideas rather than stating them directly? Your marginal comments can point this out. There are three ways to refer to a class: using (1) the definite singular, (2) the indefinite singular, or (3) the indefinite plural. For example, before his eleventh birthday, the Dursleys control Harry’s life, keeping from him knowledge of his past and understanding of his identity (Sorcerer’s 49). Marking strategy: If the student makes good points but doesn’t present them clearly, use one paragraph as an example, marking what would make a good opening/topic sentence.Show how specific details, explanations, and supporting evidence should follow further into the paragraph. The paraphrase must be in your own words. You will also need to work on your writing skills between appointments. Process description often follows a chronological sequence. Lakes, on the other hand, don't usually take an article: Lake Louise, Lake Ontario. Items #9-13 focus on challenges in grading in the sciences and social sciences, but also contain material relevant for the humanities. Marking strategy: These papers will usually not receive good marks. How frequently are the connotations of a particular word unfortunate but the student’s intended meaning apparent? Check any paragraph that is a page or longer to see whether it would work better as two or more paragraphs. Marking strategy: Choose some areas where the faulty diction poses a barrier, or where it has very unfortunate connotations. Here are two noteworthy exceptions: the United States, and the United Kingdom. could expect to live as long as we do” (1989: 149). Though Asperger regarded it as a biological defect of affective contact—innate, inborn, analogous to a physical or intellectual defect—Kanner tended to view it as a psychogenic disorder, a reflection of bad parenting, and most especially of a chillingly remote, often professional, "refrigerator mother." Nouns can refer to an entire group of similar objects, sometimes called a class. On the one hand, Asperger saw the condition as representing a constitutional defect in the child's ability to make meaningful emotional contact with the external world. Whenever you paraphrase, remember these two points: Finding new words for ideas that are already well expressed can be hard, but changing words should not be your chief aim anyway. Circle other problem areas but don’t rewrite extensively. Molten resin was used to seal the body and its wrappings, providing a barrier against insects and anaerobes. We have been aggressive in entering the international high technology market with our telecommunications equipment. Lakes, on the other hand, don't usually take an article: Lake Louise, Lake Ontario. Be honest about your responses as a reader, but try not to be rigid about an expected structure. Again, use as a guide how well the student has communicated. In This Section. U of T faculty in Arts and Science may directly contact Leora Freedman, Coordinator of the English Language Learning program; students in U of T Arts and Science may contact her at the ELL email address. A variety of simple techniques can help you to clarify those connections and thereby communicate your intended logic. How frequently is meaning lost? Does the student seem to think that the goal of the paper is to display a grasp of every detail mentioned in the course, rather than to apply this knowledge to a new task? Mahwah, New Jersey: Erlbaum. Body : follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, and other information. Points 1 to 10 on the following pages will be of particular interest to those teaching in humanities and social science fields. All three sentences convey the same meaning with slightly different emphasis. Stress that there is a barrier in communication. Try combining short paragraphs with the preceding or following paragraph if they share the same topic. For example, do not place an article in front of the names of people. Questions: Does the assignment clearly state that students are expected to critically evaluate their sources, to address opposing viewpoints, and to propose original concepts? Today, this meeting place is still the home to many Indigenous people from across Turtle Island and we are grateful to have the opportunity to work on this land. Marking strategy: Trust your own perceptions of the quality of thinking and expression, and try to be open-minded about acceptable organization. He sketches the diametrically opposed positions of Asperger and Kanner. I conquered the phobia by writing lots of them. Indeed, Giles (2000) has described several problems faced by celebrities, including loneliness, making new friendships that are genuine, and the loss of privacy. You must do more than merely substitute phrases here and there. Strategic use of pronouns such as it, they, and this keeps the focus on the ideas announced at the beginning of the paragraph—as long as they are clearly linked to specific nouns. Evaluate whether the student was able to synthesize a number of sources in one paragraph, organizing the paper conceptually, or whether the paper is really just a long annotated bibliography, summarizing first one source and then another. Name the error or correct it just once. As Sacks points out, often a child who goes on to develop autism will show no sign of the condition at the age of one (247). A summary has two aims: (1) to reproduce the overarching ideas in a text, identifying the general concepts that run through the entire piece, and (2) to express these overarching ideas using precise, specific language. & Kaufman, D., eds. You must also create your own sentence structures. On the other hand, the grade may be higher for a student who is synthesizing sources and putting forth an otherwise effective argument, yet simply hasn’t developed the language skill needed for paraphrasing and ends up quoting too extensively. This is very worthwhile in discussing longer articles without headings. Yet you also may want to balance your view by assessing the quality of the thinking and the level of detail at which the student is able to communicate his or her knowledge. Are sentences correct in terms of grammar and diction, but not actually saying much? The Literature Review: A Few Tips on Conducting It – Writing Centre, University of Toronto. For a fuller discussion, see Grading Multilingual Students’ Papers: What Are the Issues? Instructors can work with students not only on understanding the particular article, but also on ensuring that they go away from class or tutorial with strategies, vocabulary and concepts they can apply to future readings. Introduction: the first section of a paragraph; should include the topic sentence and any other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that give background information or provide a transition. Questions: How thorough a job of research was done? Strangers in academia: The experiences of faculty and ESOL students across the curriculum. Here are some further reading comprehension strategies for discussion of a science or social science text. Its incidence is about one in a thousand, and it occurs throughout the world, its features remarkably consistent even in extremely different cultures. the first female college principal. Now, when you know how to summarize an article, it’s time to edit your text whether it’s your own writing or a summary generator’s results. Try to avoid perfunctory dictionary definitions that do not inform your analysis in a meaningful way. Marking strategy: Write some questions in the margins or at the end to show the student what doubts remain in your mind after reading his or her writing. Abstract: Paragraphs are units of writing larger than a sentence and smaller than a section and generally express a single idea or topic. ESL Students by Purdue Online Writing Lab Writing Advice by University of Toronto Writing Machine by Hong Kong University College Writing for ESL/ELL Students by SUNY Empire State College ESL/EFL Resources by Duke For our study, a civil war is any armed conflict that involves (a) military action internal to the metropole, (b) the active participation of the national government, and (c) effective resistance by both sides. Marking strategy: Point out just some instances of an error and say that they repeat. In brief, the mummification process may be summarized as follows: extract, sterilize, dehydrate, perfume, seal, tag, and stock. Sometimes, a student’s synthesis of source materials displays strong evidence of careful thought, which may balance the lack of a more daring interpretation. Questions: Are you still as confused at the end as you were at the beginning? We know, for example, that the condition occurs in roughly one out of every thousand children. A series of long paragraphs can make prose dense and unpleasant to read. Show the student what to read for in these texts. Circle some examples of faulty logic, and give a brief explanation. Through this incision, all the “floating” contents of the abdominal cavity, namely, the stomach, the liver, the spleen, and the intestines, were removed but the kidneys were left in place. Most countries, like Canada in the sentence above, do not take articles. Marking strategy: Before giving it a low grade or writing many comments, read it all the way through. An essay is unified if all the paragraphs relate to the thesis, whereas a paragraph is unified if all the sentences relate to the topic sentence. Questions: How distracting are these errors? Try to think about paragraphs in terms of thematic unity: a paragraph is a sentence or a group of sentences that supports one central, unified idea. Topic sentences are similar to mini thesis statements. An entire generation of mothers and fathers (but especially mothers) were made to feel responsible for their offspring’s autism (Sacks 247-48). If you feel the writing must be more direct, mark the thesis (or some statements that could have been made into a thesis) and show the student where you expected to see it. In some papers, though, you may have to mentally supply content that should be articulated by the student. Also point out where quotations are used too extensively and paraphrasing would be a better strategy. As the following topic sentence indicates, you should make your intention clear to readers from the outset. Or he or she may be just too uncertain of what’s wanted to take the risk of expressing an original idea. In this chapter, you’ll see the basic ways to proofread any type of text: academic paper (essay, research paper, etc. All these characters, as enactors of fate, unknowingly drive Harry toward his destiny by attempting to control or to direct his life, while themselves controlled and directed by fate. You can work individually with a trained instructor to develop your ability to plan, organize, write, and revise academic papers in any subject. You may want the grade to reflect the relative presence of the expected content, even if it’s not presented in an orderly fashion. At this time, autism was often regarded as "defensive" in nature, or confused with childhood schizophrenia. We emphasize writing as a process, and we teach techniques writers can use at every stage in the process. CTL Writing Support works with students at all stages of assignment development: from brainstorming and developing an outline to constructing introductions, body paragraphs and conclusions, to citation, referencing, editing and proofreading. The rest of the paragraph will focus on these two Twitter-user groups, thereby fulfilling the promise made by the topic sentence. Acknowledgements to Marjatta Holt for her chart on article use. By avoiding irrelevant information that does not relate to the topic sentence, you can compose a unified paragraph. Does the paper seem carelessly done, or is there evidence of effort and understanding in some areas? The third sentence directly makes its assertion about all lions. Ask a marginal question to show what is unclear in the discussion of a particular source. Does the paragraph show evidence of a process of logical thought, even if the verbal presentation of it is not the best? groups. We also know that the characteristics of autism do not vary from one culture to the next. We offer individual consultations as well as writing groups, workshops and clinics. If paragraphs are severely disorganized or their function in the overall analysis is not evident, you may wish to take down the mark more than if the intended function is apparent. Repeatedly, other characters decide Harry’s future for him, depriving him of freedom and choice. Follow up by asking them to divide an article on their own into its logical sections, or groups of paragraphs that accomplish a certain task. If you think you will want to paraphrase the passage, make a note only of the author’s basic point (or points). Freedman, Leora, Reading E-Writing page in the English Language Learning section of the Arts and Science website. Encourage the student to pay more attention to the vocabulary in the reading and to use the terms from this discipline. Check any paragraph that is a page or longer to see whether it would work better as two or more paragraphs. The article discusses various stories, persons, locations, rising-issues, and technical developments Note that the prepositional phrase following point narrows down its meaning to something very specific, while the course material can refer only to the material in this particular professor's course. Stephen Harper is the twenty-second prime minister of Canada. Or does the paper really fail to develop any of the expected ideas? When I started university, I had a phobia about exams. The reader might be misled into thinking that the earlier sentences were not also based on Sacks. (3) Lions are majestic animals. Marking strategy: It is likely that this student doesn’t understand that the writing should be structured conceptually. All were done ceremoniously and with due respect to the dead body. Paraphrase and summary are indispensable in argumentative papers because they allow you to include other people’s ideas without cluttering up your paragraphs with quotations. Include in your end comment a brief, bullet-point outline showing what should have been the main organizational sections, and mention that the references to literature need to be selected and integrated.On the other hand, if the presentation of the sources is also unclear, the student may not have a full grasp of the reading. It is often not recognized in the first year of life, but tends to become obvious in the second or third year. Khoo, E. (2007). The second sentence in effect states, take any lion you like from the class of all lions, and what you say about it will be true of all other lions. We do not know what if any changes will take place in their values as they grow older, and we will continue to explore their values in our longitudinal studies of the impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Sacks observes, however, that researchers have had a hard time agreeing on the causes of autism. Go back to the original to ensure that (a) your paraphrase is accurate and (b) you have truly said things in your own words. Here is an example of each: (1) The lion is a majestic animal. The following links provide writing resources for non-native speakers of English. Our telecommunications equipment following pages will be of particular interest to those teaching in humanities and social sciences but. Try not to be rigid about an expected structure for a fuller discussion, see grading Multilingual Students ’:... Between paragraphs on these two Twitter-user groups, thereby fulfilling the promise made by the topic sentence you! 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