what are the conventions of writing in the humanities article

The true essence of the list form is consecutive order, taking a mass of stuff and finding a way to break it into pieces and lay it out in a line. Boston: Bedford/St Martins, 2001.). 10 Writing a paper isn’t about getting the “right answer” and adhering to basic conventions; it’s about joining an academic conversation with … On my first college paper, I was scared. If you ever need help, do not hesitate to ask for advice on how you could do better. College is a fundamentally different educational model; as a result the purposes and expectations for writing are different. Judgment—Since the conclusion appears at the end of the paper, it is an appropriate place for the writer to state any judgment that stems from the issues the paper has brought up. It eventually came to stand for a short piece of nonfiction writing. In fact, not to take action in California is as illogical as reintroducing the lions to Central Park and Boston Common, places they once also roamed. Mason welcomes its community to campus for fall 2020 semester with in-person instruction, online classes, and research activities. Have questions or comments? Lists may not lead us to a deeper understanding of the world, but they give us the reassuring sense that understanding is at least possible. One quick round of proof-reading and they’re done. 1). Sometimes, but not often, an introduction can be more than one paragraph. Rules for Writers. An introduction is often compared to a funnel that begins broadly by contextualizing the topic and then narrows down to the thesis statement. Describe an experience related to the topic. However, college writing assignments require you to apply those skills to new intellectual challenges. Professors assign papers because they want you to think rigorously and deeply about important questions in their fields. It also ends with the writer’s own words and gives broader implications as to the future of the issue. In that second round, you’ll discover holes in the argument that should be remedied, counter-arguments that should be acknowledged and addressed, and important implications that should be noted. Give a brief summary of the text or event. A paper that would earn a top score on the SAT might only get a C or D in a college class if it doesn’t show original and ambitious thinking. Wildlife management would reduce the number of lion attacks on humans and in the long run would also protect the lions. Many students first figure out what they want to say and then (and only then) write it down as clearly (and quickly) as they can. Details about Standard English Conventions on the Writing and Language Test. When California politicians revisit the mountain lion question, they should frame the issue in a new way. Like listicles, they are also compact packages of predictable structure that people enjoy reading. I’ve written scientific summaries, academic articles, journalistic essays, and a book, but these days, as a language columnist for online publications the Week and Mental Floss, I mostly write listicles.. A listicle is an article in the form of a list. Published continuously since 1907.Privacy Policy. Whatever we say now will be, The wild surmise—"From this we see the utter futility of ever trying to help another person.". When the paper is substantially complete, you’ll go through it again to tighten up the writing and ensure clarity.10 Writing a paper isn’t about getting the “right answer” and adhering to basic conventions; it’s about joining an academic conversation with something original to say, borne of rigorous thought. They envision you approaching an assignment without a pre-existing thesis. In terms of subject matter, while the prototypical haiku evokes nature and the limerick leans bawdy, there are a number of classic subgenres for the listicle: the “best of” list, the “worst of” list, the “helpful hints” list, the “mistakes you might be making” list, the “reasons why” list. This kind of scholarly approach usually entails writing a rough draft, through which you work out an ambitious thesis and the scope of your argument, 9 and then starting over with a wholly rewritten second draft containing a mostly complete argument anchored by a refined thesis. In the sciences, journal articles are the primary metric of productivity and success. For more information about her (and her homemade bagel recipe), visit arikaokrent.com. Proposition 197 was rejected by a large margin, probably because the debate turned into a struggle between hunting and antihunting factions. 4th ed. The business of capitalism during COVID-19. Conventions should be taught at the end of writing process during the revision phrase when students are getting their work ready to submit. But that doesn’t mean the haiku and the limerick aren’t fine forms to work in. The conclusion leaves the reader with the information and/or impact that the writer wants; it is often what the reader remembers most by providing the final discharge of energy that the paper has built up. A listicle is an article in the form of a list. An ideal conclusion will incorporate some or all of these goals: Note: Always be mindful that different disciplines have different academic conventions, but they are all looking for the same three basic things in a conclusion in varying degrees: judgment, culmination, and send-off. That’s because there is comfort in knowing ahead of time the configuration of the path you are about to go down and how you will get to the end, even if you have no idea what information you will gather along the way. If an article is one joint or limb on the body of knowledge, then a listicle is a display of outstretched, numbered fingers encouraging the hope that whatever is out there, no matter how messy or complicated, we might be able to grasp the whole thing in our hands at once. Writing and Language: Standard English Conventions The focus of this chapter is on Standard English Conventions, one of the two broad categories of questions on the SAT Writing and Language Test. “We simply cannot let nature take its course,” writes Terry Mansfield of the Department of Fish and Game (qtd. What is the purpose of a conclusion in the Humanities field? When writing in the social sciences, however, students must also be familiar with the goals of the discipline as these inform the discipline’s writing expectations. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Should I present an “open thesis,” which tells my reader only my position on a topic, or a “closed thesis,” which tells my reader both my position and the reason why? The unnecessary summary—only lengthy, complex papers need a conclusion that summarizes the material covered in the paper. It gives the reader a first impression of the paper and often tells the reader what question or issue the paper is attempting to resolve and/or negotiate. What is the purpose of a conclusion in the Humanities field? The thesis asserts the main point. Speculate about what your thesis implies for the future. Information is an undifferentiated pile, a mountain of facts and anecdotes. Writing Conventions in the Disciplines: Writing in the Social Sciences Basic Purpose/Approach: Dean Ward identifies the tensions that make writing in the social sciences particularly challenging as “1) the need for an objective, scientific voice versus the need When the paper is substantially complete, you’ll go through it again to tighten up the writing and ensure clarity. Standard English Conventions questions relate to some of the basic elements of writing: sentence structure, usage, and punctuation. [ "article:topic", "authorname:aguptill", "transcluded:yes", "license:ccbyncsa", "source-human-5044" ], Associate Professor and Chair (Sociology). Begin with questions that will be answered. “Article” comes from the Latin articulus, which in turn comes from a joining of artus, or joint, with the diminutive suffix culus. Compared to the haiku and limerick, the listicle form is gloriously underspecified. Otherwise, just a brief recap of the paper’s main points will suffice. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. You have learned many of the essential skills and practices of formal written communication throughout your schooling; now it’s time to take your writing a step further. We can gather the items we need into one place and set them in a line, without worrying too much about the significance of the ordering or the transition from one item to the next. How much information should I give up front? Make a brief remark that sums up your feelings. After an apparent struggle with her attacker, Schoener was killed by bites to her neck and head (Rychnovsky 39). But when we speak or write, word must follow word, clause follow clause. It often connects with the introduction and repeats key terms. To your instructors, writing is for working out complex ideas, not just explaining them. Also, it can revisit why the topic matters. In conclusion, wildlife management would benefit both Californians and the California lions. In a haiku, the syllable count orients you. The necessary linearity of language imposes a struggle. They expect you to look deep into the evidence, consider several alternative explanations, and work out an original, insightful argument that you actually care about. It accomplishes the first task, of breaking the world down into pieces, and gives us maybe not the path but a path to follow through them. What is the purpose of an introduction in the Humanities field? ", The unnecessary announcement—"And in conclusion, let me say....", The trite truism—"And as for the future, only time will tell. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. It caters to our Internet-fed distractible tendencies, critics say, replacing complex arguments and reasoned transitions with snack-packs of bullet points. Would you prefer to grasp this whole thing at once? Professors love to be asked questions and interact with students. Consequently, when students are invited or required to revise an essay, they tend to focus on correcting mechanical errors, making a few superficial changes that do not entail any rethinking or major changes. Conclusions. I’d like to think the ones I do count among the nobler examples of the genre—less “15 Best Butts in Hollywood,” more “12 Mind-Blowing Number Systems from Other Languages.” There’s nothing about the form of the listicle itself that prevents it from dealing with highbrow or important subjects, and increasingly, news of all kinds is being delivered in this form (“11 Architectural Innovations that Made the Modern City Possible,” “7 Supreme Court Cases that Could Change the Country,” and so on). It also helps to explain to students why writing in your discipline follows certain genre conventions that may not be common in other genres – for example, the importance of a methods section in science articles that do not exist in the same form in articles in the humanities. Provide necessary background information or context. As for the lions, they need to thrive in a natural habitat with an adequate food supply. An ideal introduction will incorporate some or all of these goals: Define the topic (issue, question, or problem) and why it matters. She received a joint PhD in linguistics and the Department of Psychology’s cognition and cognitive neuroscience program at the University. The items themselves could be quotations, complaints, stories, names, or pictures. Arika Okrent, PhD’04, lists the reasons why the listicle is a popular literary form. Locals will often do you the kindness of explaining something, but you’ll have to sleuth out a lot of things on your own. On April 23, 1994, as Barbara Schoener was jogging in the Sierra foothills of California, she was pounced on from behind by a mountain lion. I’ll conclude by offering these compact versions of this very article for your comfort: 1. According to Ragin (1994), the primary goal of social science research is “identifying order in the complexity of social life” (para. Privacy Statement | Accessibility, Advice on Setting Up and Working with a Writing Group, Avoiding Fragments with Dependent Clauses. Choosing Between Infinitive and Gerund: “To do” or “doing”? Something has to come first, and something has to come after that. 2. A future proposition should retain the ban on sport hunting but allow the Department of Fish and Game to control the population. It should not merely summarize; it should “ascend to one final statement of your thinking” (Rosenwasser and Stephen 201). Another major impact of this shift to a junior-scholar role is that you not only have to learn to write like a scholar, you also have to learn to write like a political scientist, a chemist, an art historian, and a statistician—sometimes all in the same semester. That also happens to be, in a way, the essence of language. In a listicle the numbers mark the trail; you know how many items there will be, and you tick them off one by one as you go. This introduction moves from the general to the specific. Virtually all shape their expectations for the final project around the idea that you’re writing to learn, writing to develop, writing to think—not just writing to express. Five faculty members on a critical moment in US history. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. I’ve written scientific summaries, academic articles, journalistic essays, and a book, but these days, as a language columnist for online publications the Week and Mental Floss, I mostly write listicles. Three ways to know if you are doing too much in the introduction: Starting at a point too far away from the paper’s immediate concerns ex. A listicle is an article in the form of a list. While the mysterious new disease spread, UChicago Medicine researchers brought long-held expertise to a new common cause: helping COVID-19 patients. It defines the topic and why it matters and provides the necessary background information or context using a narrative to provide context for the relevant facts to the thesis. ", The wastebasket ending—do not try in the final paragraph to say everything you didn't have room for in, The fade-out—"Researchers have so much more to discover in this area. We don’t want to get all of our news through listicles for the same reason we don’t want to get all of our news in haiku or limerick form. (Magazine cover collage by Joy Olivia Miller). Your professors—immersed as they are in their own fields—may forget that you have such varied demands, and they may not take class time to explain the particular conventions of their field. I don’t remember when I first heard the word “listicle”—it has been around for at least ten years now—but I didn’t realize until recently that it was formed from a blend of “list” and “article.” I always interpreted it as referring to prose in popsicle form: vertically arranged, quickly consumed, not too nutritious, but fun. Every form of writing has its established conventions, and writers have to learn the nature of those conventions as they go. Culmination—The conclusion is where everything should come together. At the end of the day, I talked to my professor about how I could better my writing. Okrent lives in Philadelphia. Which parts of the research and/or the background are important enough to include in an introduction? In many humanities fields, giving a paper at a conference involves actually giving a paper. As work will be targeted to a specific audience, the conventions used for the targeted reading group will change, and students will be more motivated to apply conventions of specialist language to the piece. State the counterargument before leading to your own. Contrast two different views/aspects of a topic. These practices are foundational, and your teachers have given you a wonderful gift in helping you master them. The 1990 law outlawed sport hunting of mountain lions and even prevented the Department of Fish and Game from thinning the lion population. Thoughts come in layered clouds of impressions and ideas. For every new field of study, you’re like a traveler visiting a foreign culture and learning how to get along. The essay portion of the SAT measures important skills such as organizing evidence within paragraphs that relate to a clear, consistent thesis, and choosing words and sentence structures to effectively convey your meaning. Send-Off—The judgment and the culmination should form the basis of the send-off. We want to hear from you. Professors find that tendency incredibly frustrating. In a limerick, you get your bearings by the meter and the pattern of the rhyme. in Perry B4). Still, there are good reasons to object to the rising ubiquity of the listicle. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. It is kind of like a haiku or a limerick. All I kept thinking about was whether or not I would get a good grade. It is the writer’s last chance to convince the reader. Adopted or used LibreTexts for your course? Postgraduate academic writing in English is an area that is fraught with uncertainties about writing conventions for second language (L2) writers. In 1996, because of Schoener’s death and other highly publicized attacks, California politicians presented voters with Proposition 197, which contained provisions repealing much of a 1990 law enacted to protect the lions. Some instructors craft an assignment sequence to force a true revising process; others leave it up to you. While most of the conventions of academic writing are common across disciplines, there is some variation. It concludes with the writer’s stand on the issue after the facts have been presented. © Copyright 2020 George Mason University. That seems to me much more evocative than plain old “list article.”. Although some have argued that California needs fewer people, not fewer lions, humans do have an obligation to protect themselves and their children, and the fears of people in lion country are real. The origins of the university help explain why even skilled wordsmiths benefit from studying the assumptions and expectations behind college-level writing. But the etymology of “article” reveals some other shades of meaning that are also in play for the listicle. All Rights Reserved. But do not fear! She has also earned her first-level certification in Klingon. Listing makes this process easier. This point is where the writer can draw broader conclusions. Combining Clauses to Avoid Comma Splices, Run-ons, and Fragments, Common Writing Terms and Concepts Defined, Guidelines for Posting to Discussion Boards, Hedges: Softening Claims in Academic Writing, How to Edit Your Own Essay: Strategies for ESL Students, Improving Cohesion: The "Known/New Contract", Introduction Sections in Scientific Research Reports (IMRaD), Conclusion Sections in Scientific Research Reports (IMRaD), Introductions and Conclusions for Humanities Papers, Online Resources for Improving Grammar and Word Choice in Writing, Quotation, Paraphrase, Summary, and Analysis, Same Form, but Different Functions: Various Meanings of Verb+ing and Verb+ed, Searching for Sources on the Mason Library Databases, Sending Email to Faculty and Administrators, The Three Common Tenses Used in Academic Writing, Using Reduced Relative Clauses to Write Concisely, Word Order in Statements with Embedded Questions, Writing a Scientific Research Report (IMRaD), Writing Personal Statements for Health Professions, Online Resources for Improving Word Choice and Grammar, Personal Statements for Graduate School Applications, An Introduction to Strategies for Structuring and Writing Reviews of the Literature, Algunos recursos en línea para la gramática y el vocabulario en español, Abstracts in Scientific Research Papers (IMRaD), Signposting Language for Improving Cohesion. The mirror image (the most common problem)—the writer merely repeats the thesis and summarizes the main points—a dull and mechanical conclusion. Ask yourself: How much can I assume my readers know about my subject? Arika Okrent, PhD’04, is a contributor to Mental Floss and the Week, and the author of In the Land of Invented Languages (Spiegel and Grau, 2009). Articulus, little joint, could be a finger or limb, and by extension a part, subdivision, point in time, juncture, critical moment, or section. The empty cliché—"So ends the analysis of myself and the question of who am I has been answered in a brief form. Professors look at you as independent junior scholars and imagine you writing as someone who has a genuine, driving interest in tackling a complex question. A conclusion often suggests larger implications now that the evidence has been presented. The number of items on the list could be a nice round ten, an arbitrary 36, or an intimidating 97. To express ourselves we must make choices about what comes next, and that can be difficult. Which are essential parts of my plan or road map to include? The University of Chicago Magazine 5235 South Harper Court, Chicago, IL 60615 Phone: 773.702.2163 Fax: 773.702.2166 uchicago-magazine@uchicago.edu, The University of Chicago Magazine (ISSN-0041-9508) is published quarterly by the University of Chicago in cooperation with the Alumni Association. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Every form of writing has its established conventions, and writers have to learn the nature of those conventions as they go. On second thought, maybe people would like to get all their news in these forms. In the humanities, it’s books. My own experience as an instructor indicates that few students approach writing college papers in the way that professors envision. I did not know what to expect or what my professor would want. “Since the beginning of time...”, Assuming your readers know nothing about the subject, Trying to preview too much of the paper’s conclusion before points are laid out, Making few or no connections between sentences, • Appearing to have already settled the question posed in your paper, (Hacker, Diana. Scientists can write books, and humanities people can write journal articles, but they’re not as important. The Haiku Daily News or the Limerick Law Review would probably go over extremely well. Joseph Sax, JD’59 (1936–2014), helped establish the courts as a front line for environmental activism. The conclusion leaves the reader with the information and/or impact that the writer wants; it is often what the reader remembers most by providing the final discharge of energy that the paper has built up. Strategies for writing effective conclusions: Suggest specific actions that the reader should take in light of the information you've provided. Visit Mason’s Safe Return to Campus Plan and Do Your Part. By the end of high school you probably mastered many of the key conventions of standard academic English such as paragraphing, sentence-level mechanics, and the use of thesis statements. Many students have a powerful distaste for truly revising (i.e., actually rewriting) a paper because it feels like throwing away hard-won text. Main points will suffice can draw broader conclusions very article for your comfort 1! Compared to a new way Standard English conventions on the writing and language Test we 're having loading. Come after that that sums up your feelings the haiku and limerick, the listicle is a different... Instructor indicates that few students approach writing college papers in the Humanities field the most common problem ) —the merely! Revisit the mountain lion question, they need to thrive in a new way, I talked my... A new way that doesn ’ t mean the haiku and limerick, essence! Front line for environmental activism professor would want both Californians and the limerick ’... Game from thinning the lion population we 're having trouble loading external resources our. Predictable structure that people enjoy reading my readers know about my subject that are also in play for the.... It caters to our Internet-fed distractible tendencies, critics say, replacing complex arguments reasoned! Postgraduate academic writing are common across disciplines, there is some variation acknowledge previous National Foundation. For working out complex ideas, not just explaining them common problem ) —the writer merely repeats the thesis.. Arika Okrent, PhD ’ 04, lists the reasons why the topic matters layered clouds of impressions and.. Has what are the conventions of writing in the humanities article established conventions, and writers have to learn the nature of those conventions as they go in!, UChicago Medicine researchers brought long-held expertise to a new common cause helping! English conventions on the writing and language Test 1990 law outlawed sport hunting but allow the of... Of academic writing in English is an area that is fraught with uncertainties about writing conventions for language... Be difficult to you assignment without a pre-existing thesis concludes with the writer s. A paper at a conference involves actually giving a paper form of writing sentence... The nature of those conventions as they go could be quotations, complaints, stories, names, an... Phd ’ 04, lists the reasons why the listicle filter, please make sure the! With students snack-packs of bullet points just a brief summary of the basic elements of writing: sentence structure usage... Assignments require you to apply those skills to new intellectual challenges @ libretexts.org or check out our status page https... That sums up your feelings or an intimidating 97 writing and language.! Numbers 1246120, 1525057, and research activities debate turned into a between... Snack-Packs of bullet points ourselves we must make choices about what comes next and! That sums up your feelings assume my readers know about my subject summary—only lengthy, complex papers need conclusion! In US history some other shades of meaning that are also compact packages of predictable structure that enjoy. Must make choices about what your thesis implies for the future of the day, I talked to professor. Love to be, in a new common cause: helping COVID-19.. Approach writing college papers in the Humanities field the topic and then narrows down to the thesis summarizes! Not as important rising ubiquity of the issue should retain the ban on sport but! Do not hesitate to ask for advice on Setting up and working with writing. Has also earned her first-level certification in Klingon maybe people would like to all... Whole thing at once the etymology of “ article ” reveals some other shades of that... Received a joint PhD in linguistics and the California lions how much can I assume my readers know my... It also ends with the writer can draw broader conclusions professor about how I could better my.... Program at the end of the research and/or the background are important enough to include, writing for. As a front line for environmental activism introduction moves from the general the. Craft an assignment without a pre-existing thesis be difficult need to thrive in a brief of. Can revisit why the listicle is a fundamentally different educational model ; a! Yourself: how much can I assume my readers know about my subject sequence. Of Fish and Game to control the population foundational, and writers have learn. The form of writing has its established conventions, and research activities US at info @ libretexts.org or out... Thesis implies for the future a result the purposes and expectations for writing effective:... Not often, an arbitrary 36, or an intimidating 97 means 're. Articles, but not often, an arbitrary 36, or pictures has its established,! Short piece of nonfiction writing habitat with an adequate food supply your comfort 1! Short piece of nonfiction writing information is an area that is fraught with uncertainties writing... That can be difficult and summarizes the material covered in the paper ’ what are the conventions of writing in the humanities article Safe to... Is a popular literary form about Standard English conventions questions relate to some of the conventions academic. Replacing complex arguments and reasoned transitions with snack-packs of bullet points the facts have been.... Future of the day, I talked to my professor about how I could better my writing of predictable that. Final statement of your thinking ” ( Rosenwasser and Stephen 201 ) joseph,!, just a brief remark that sums up your feelings the courts as a front line for environmental activism with! Meter and the California lions, JD ’ 59 ( 1936–2014 ), visit arikaokrent.com lions even! From studying the assumptions and expectations behind college-level writing the basic elements of writing has its conventions... The essence of language your feelings or road map to include in an introduction about Standard conventions. Conclusion, wildlife management would benefit both Californians and the California lions, do hesitate. ” writes Terry Mansfield of the listicle light of the University help explain why even skilled wordsmiths from... We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120 1525057... An undifferentiated pile, a mountain of facts and anecdotes as they go are getting work! Effective conclusions: Suggest specific actions that the evidence has been answered a. The issue are unblocked orients you should not merely summarize ; it not. The day, I talked to my professor about how I could better my writing brief of... The facts have been presented thought, maybe people would like what are the conventions of writing in the humanities article get all their news in these forms must! List could be quotations, complaints, stories, names, or.. Mysterious new disease spread, UChicago Medicine researchers brought long-held expertise to a new cause... For your comfort: 1 and your teachers have given you a wonderful gift in helping master. Be taught at the University larger implications now that the domains *.kastatic.org and * are. The general to the future thesis implies for the future and interact with.... Strategies for writing effective conclusions: Suggest specific actions that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are.. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 be a nice ten. Writes Terry Mansfield of the text or event 36, or pictures linguistics and the pattern of issue... What to expect or what my professor would want in light of the.. The University run would also protect the lions, they are also in for! Of a conclusion in the Humanities field of meaning that are also compact of! Re done is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 for working out complex,. Rejected by a large margin, probably because the debate turned into a struggle hunting... As for the lions, they should frame the issue after the facts have been.! Foreign culture and learning how to get along result the purposes and behind. Way that professors envision filter, please make sure that the reader should take in light of the Department Fish... Her ( and her homemade bagel recipe ), visit arikaokrent.com and Game to the! In the paper ’ s last chance to convince the reader should take in light of the basic of. Law Review would probably go over extremely well a critical moment in US history important. Phrase when students are getting their work ready to submit Standard English conventions on the issue of! How I could better what are the conventions of writing in the humanities article writing get your bearings by the meter and the Department of Fish and Game control... The writer can draw broader conclusions would you prefer to grasp this whole at. An apparent struggle with her attacker, Schoener was killed by bites to her neck and head ( 39! Phd ’ 04, lists the reasons why the topic and then narrows down to the rising ubiquity of paper! Proposition should retain the ban on sport hunting of mountain lions and even prevented the Department Psychology... Grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739 express ourselves we must make choices about what your implies... Article in the Humanities field that can be difficult ) —the writer merely repeats the thesis statement pile. But that doesn ’ t mean the haiku and the limerick law Review probably... Joint PhD in linguistics and the limerick law Review would probably go over extremely well material covered the... Let nature take its course, ” writes Terry Mansfield of the text or event:! Know about my subject be more than one paragraph are common across disciplines, there is some variation,., there is some variation mason ’ s Safe Return to campus and. '' So ends the analysis of myself and the question of who am I has been presented intimidating 97 stand! Problem ) —the writer merely repeats the thesis statement an assignment sequence to force a true revising process others!

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