what is referencing in academic writing dissertation

The Scholar's Complete Guide to Referencing. If you think of your bibliography as something separate from the process of researching and writing and plan to leave it till the end, remembering every single source you cited and finding all its bibliographic details is going to be a daunting task, to say the least. Plagiarism is not always dishonest – you may not be intentionally passing off someone else's work as your own – but if you don't cite any source that may have influenced your thinking you're open to plagiarism accusations. To an extent, referencing systems are still playing catchup with DOIs, although the most recent editions of APA and MLA both contain full guidance on citing online sources using DOIs (which are now explicitly preferred to URLs where they're available) and even allow you to omit some other key details about the source if you do provide a DOI. Smith, Arnold. There are many different referencing styles (and the three main categories are discussed below), but they all provide the same fundamental pieces of information to enable a reader to go and find a source you've cited in your work and look at it for themselves: The first reason most universities will give for why accurate citation is crucial is that it protects you from accusations of plagiarism. In this article, we’ll occasionally use the term ‘scholarly referencing’ – which quite simply means the style of referencing used in the world of academia (as opposed to the references you may include at the end of your CV, for example). The footer section is usually separated by a horizontal rule to separate it from the body of the page, and the note is found next to its corresponding number. But best of all, one of the metadata properties that is stored and regularly updated for the DOI is the URL of the article. Author-date entries must always form a unique identifier for a particular source – if a scholar has been exceptionally busy in a given year and produced multiple papers that are being cited in the present written work, the convention is to refer to them, both in-text and in the reference list, using the convention 2012a, 2012b, etc. Harvard deserves a special mention among author-date systems: while it's very likely that your university uses Harvard for referencing in at least some disciplines, it's also equally likely that your university's idea of what Harvard referencing looks like is slightly different from any of its neighbouring universities. It allows readers to locate the original sources of research work so that they can access the information or material and understand it in their way. As with Harvard referencing, the detailed implementation of these styles varies somewhat from university to university and publication to publication, but they are typically close variants of the Vancouver system, and setting your referencing software to output a Vancouver-style bibliography should get you fairly close to the style your department is looking for. Do be aware, though, that auto-generated bibliographies won't always be 100% accurate. Because of their emphasis on economy, parenthetical styles generally mandate that you include the author's name in the parenthetical reference only if it's not clear from the context. Lazar, J. London: Scholar's Press. Comprehensive help for all subjects and levels. Knowing how to reference your dissertation correctly will not only give your work the academic finish it needs to pass, but will also support your ideas and arguments so that the person marking it has a clear understanding of your level of knowledge and research on the topic. Most parenthetical referencing systems use an "author-date" format. Pearson Addison Wesley. They cater for contexts in which very large numbers of sources are likely to be referenced in brief or in paraphrase, with as many as 5-10 sources used to support a single assertion or argument, but where direct quotation is rarely if even used. Referencing is used to tell the reader where ideas from other sources have been used in an assignment. You need to provide a reference to any work done by others that you've incorporated into your own work. MLA is something of a special case among parenthetical referencing systems as it doesn't use dates to identify works. If they wanted to, a reader could use this information to find these sources in a library or online. In most footnoting styles the note will be at the bottom of the page on which its corresponding number appears, or on an adjacent page if the word processing software's text formatting rules dictate that the page footer has become too large. These styles are subtly different, and different colleges and departments may ask you to use different styles. Parenthetical styles generally work on the basis of economy. Ask an expert at Academic Q+A. It's not uncommon in a heavily referenced book or journal article to see footnotes containing bibliographic references and other material take up half a page or more! It provides authenticity to students’ research work in which they put their effort and dedication. You need to develop a systematic way of tracking and organising works you've read and cited, both for your own retrieval later and for use in in-text citations and your bibliography. A database that you can organise into multiple folders (for example, one folder per chapter) to rationalise large numbers of sources, A comprehensive set of fields corresponding to the information typically required by citation systems, One or more mechanisms for automatically generating records (for example, web plugins that can grab citation details direct from certain pages; DOI searches that download citation data from the web; the ability to import text or XML files of entire bibliographic database searches), Word processor plugins (for Word or LibreOffice/OpenOffice) that allow you to insert in-text citations – both in footnote and parenthetical form, One or more means of generating bibliographies and reference lists – usually both as a text list directly from the programme or as a set of fields based on the sources cited using the word processor plugin, Whether authors' names are capitalised in the references list, Whether "p." or just a number is used when referring to page numbers, Whether a comma separates the author and date in the parenthetical reference (Smith 2012 or Smith, 2012), The organisation and formatting of various bibliographic elements, MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association). The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation, How to write a thesis statement (with examples), A guide to writing your master’s dissertation, How your master’s study differs to undergraduate, How to get the most from your dissertation supervisor, Students: how to cope with coronavirus (COVID-19), How to write a first-class essay and ace your degree, A complete guide to writing a reflective essay, How to do your dissertation secondary research in 4 steps, How to finish and format your dissertation, Dissertation writing: publishing a dissertation, 11 quick fixes to get your thesis back on track, The type of publication (e.g. If you do get a choice, read the “usage” sections for each referencing type below, and ask yourself the following questions: If you're fortunate enough to have a choice in your referencing system, these questions should help you decide between the alternatives before you. However, two of the most common footnote referencing styles, Oxford and MHRA, generally require that the full bibliographic details be given in the footnote and in an alphabetised bibliography (although publications using MHRA in particular may choose to omit the bibliography, universities tend to require it). Dissertation: A dissertation (or thesis) is a document submitted at the conclusion of a Ph.D. program. Universities often have subscriptions to commercial packages like RefWorks and EndNote, but you can still save a lot of time with a freeware package like Zotero (though it has far less sophisticated bibliography-generating tools, and with far fewer citation formats, than the commercial tools). (2006). When using APA to provide direct page number references it is recommended that the author and date be included when introducing the citation and the page reference be provided in a separate parenthetical note at the end of the citation; Smith (2012) argues that "There are far too many referencing styles for the young scholar to keep track of" (p. 6). Enter any object’s DOI into a web browser preceded by http://dx.doi.org/ and it should resolve to the best current place to access the text of the article. Usually, this is the name of the source's author and the year the source was published. Some footnote referencing styles don't use a separate bibliography at the end of the written work, which means that the entire bibliographic details for the article must be contained in the footnote. The reference list is a list of all the sources used (and cited) in an assignment. If a bibliography is used, the footnote may contain only sufficient detail to find the source in the bibliography – for example the work's author and title – and a page reference for the citation. Food safety. If you're referencing a dissertation, you're likely to have many tens if not hundreds of sources. References are listed at the end of the document in numerical (not alphabetical) format for easy retrieval. Like an ISBN, it's a unique, stable identifier for a particular digital source that allows you to look it up in a database; like a URL it also functions as a type of “address”, helping you identify not only what the object is but where it is. Numbered referencing styles are usually restricted to the sciences. It works like a cross between an ISBN and a URL. Less common endnote referencing styles – and variations of footnote styles used by certain university departments or publications – collect all notes at the end of the chapter or work. Last updated on 26 February, 2020, Have a study or assignment writing question? Your work reviewed by an expert academic. Some reference managers include several variants of Harvard; you should experiment with these and pick the one that gets as close as possible to your format, but again you'll be lucky to find a 100% match. Generally a shortened note form (author, title, page reference) is permissible for subsequent footnotes after the one in which the source is first introduced. Smith A. From a single dissertation chapter, to an entire dissertation, we have a talented pool of academics covering every subject area, on hand to help you with your thesis. VAT Registration No. Citing other scholars extensively helps you to make the implicit rhetorical argument that you're well-read and informed on your subject, and readers are more likely to be convinced by your argument if you identify and cite reputable scholarly work that supports your interpretations. One-to-one help with your entire dissertation. This is a signpost, pointing the reader to the reference list. The examples above use APA style, a format created by the American Psychological Association. However, many universities just refer in generic terms to "the numeric style" without specifically identifying it as Vancouver style. This usually includes the author's name, the year of publication, the title of the source, and source location details (e.g., publisher’s name, URL). If you're in any doubt about whether a source has influenced an assertion you're making, cite it! Beyond covering yourself, though, there are a couple of other reasons why you should practise good citation habits. 1 Arnold Smith, The Scholar's Complete Guide to Referencing (London: Scholar's Press, 2012), p. 6. Knowing how to reference your dissertation correctly will not only give your work the academic finish it needs to pass, but will also support your ideas and arguments so that the person marking it has a clear understanding of your level of knowledge and research on the topic. Academic papers may be done as a part of a class, in a program of study, or for publication in an academic journal or scholarly book of articles around a theme, by different authors. whole book, book chapter, journal article, webpage), The date of publication of the specific edition of the work you're using (if you're using a specific edition of a classic text, it's of more practical use for a reader to know that the edition you're referring to was published in, say, 2000, than that the original was published in 1818, though this information is sometimes provided in square brackets in the bibliography in addition to the year of the current edition), If applicable, additional details (volume and issue number, page range) to enable your reader to find the specific source. Have a study or assignment writing question? 1. A number in superscript font (or, more rarely, parentheses, especially for work published online) at the end of a quotation or assertion indicates that the text is supplemented by a note. There are two elements used in referencing: The citation contains only enough information for the reader to find the source in the reference list. If you set it to output a reference list in "Harvard" you can be almost certain that your list won't quite match the format your university expects and you'll have to do some manual formatting to get it right. MLA and Chicago tend to dominate in Arts and Humanities disciplines (especially in North America); APA is very common in the Social Sciences, while one of the many variants of the Harvard system can turn up in any discipline anywhere in the world! It is alphabetised according to the names of the authors. In the references list: Unlike other referencing formats, footnote referencing styles generally don't restrict bibliographies to containing only sources directly cited in the work; you are free to include all sources you consulted in writing your work, irrespective of whether you cited them or not. Each source is assigned a unique number, depending on when it first appears in the text. If you are uncertain whether to reference something or not, it is better to reference it. Specifically, these have to do with your development as a scholar and your participation in the collective creation of knowledge: In short, you may not have much of a choice. Scholars often complain about the high number of different referencing systems a university student might have to learn during the course of his or her studies (1-4). These other sources may be used to support the author's ideas, or the author may be discussing, analysing, or critiquing other sources. Our academics know exactly what your university wants to see, and they can show you how to deliver it. Referencing is a formal system: there are rules and standards to follow when formatting citations and references. Ministry for Primary Industries. The parenthetical reference includes the author's surname and the year of publication (or just the year of publication if the author's name is clear from the context). You might, for example, have to fill in missing pieces of information like place of publication for certain records, or reformat bibliographies to match your department's requirements. It aims to be even more economical than author-date systems by identifying sources by author's name only and using minimal punctuation in the parenthetical reference, for example International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, Tools for Delivering Scenario-based E-learning, It shows the reader that you can find and use sources to create a solid argument, It properly credits the originators of ideas, theories, and research findings, It shows the reader how your argument relates to the big picture, You have copied words from a book, article, or other source exactly (, You have used an idea or fact from an outside source, even if you haven't used their exact wording (, A citation in the text of the assignment (also known as in-text citations), An entry in a reference list at the end of the assignment. Numerical references are very well-suited to publications whose sole or primary medium is electronic, as the numerical references to sources can be hyperlinked very unobtrusively to their corresponding entries in the reference list. You have used an idea or fact from an outside source, even if you haven't used their exact wording (paraphrasing and summarising) The only exception to this is when the information is common knowledge, which is something that anyone is likely to know. So, if you introduce a quote with "Smith says that…" you wouldn't normally repeat Smith's name a few words later in parentheses. Scholarly referencing refers to a series of conventions used to point readers towards sources that you have cited, quoted, or otherwise borrowed from in your work. Parenthetical referencing styles are the most common scholarly styles in use, and are employed across a wide range of academic disciplines, with different formats dominant in different fields. They allow the reader to quickly and easily locate a source in the reference list at the end of a work (in most parenthetical referencing formats this is labelled "References" or "Works Cited" and includes only sources directly cited in the written work), with a minimal disruption of the flow of the writing in which they appear. Depending on the topic of your dissertation, make sure to research and look into similar researches that have been conducted in the past (Www2.le.ac.uk, 2017). Citation helps to tackle plagiarism issues. A Digital Object Identifier, or DOI, is an ISO standardised and increasingly commonplace way of referencing online sources. 2. 2012. Will I engage closely with a lot of my sources, or am I likely to cite briefly and in volume to note general trends in my field or in the literature? In academic writing at all levels, referencing is crucial. Ngā kāhui pou: Launching Māori futures. Huia. Australian Journal of Political Science, 41(2), 131–143. Scholars often complain that there are "far too many referencing styles for the young scholar to keep track of" (Smith 2012, 6). Page referencing conventions can vary considerably from format to format, depending on the discipline in which a referencing style is generally used. (2012). Footnote referencing styles almost always include page numbers when available (the exception being "classic" literary texts that exist in a multitude of editions and are more usually referenced by chapter, line, scene, or stanza number as appropriate). 06381412. The year is always the first piece of information after the author's name in the reference list to allow you to quickly and easily match up a parenthetical reference with a bibliographic entry. In academic writing at all levels, referencing is crucial. Web usability: A user-centered design approach. Referencing is needed when: The only exception to this is when the information is common knowledge, which is something that anyone is likely to know. Like any skill, it takes time and patience to learn. Quoting and referencing. Will I use direct quotation or paraphrase? London: Scholar's Press; 2012. Failure to properly acknowledge sources is called plagiarism, and it can carry significant academic penalties. Many students find referencing quite intimidating at first. There are two main reasons why we use source material in our writing: to support a particular point that we have just made in the body of the essay or dissertation; to indicate to the reader that we have read and understood the literature that is relevant to the particular topic. There are various ways to do this: you might prefer to set up a spreadsheet or just keep thorough notes as you research. There are almost as many variations of the Harvard system as there are institutions and publications that use it, and though the variations are generally pretty minor they include things like the following: Confusingly, you very often won't find universities acknowledging these differences; go to almost any university library's guide to referencing and it will claim to be offering an authoritative guide to the Harvard System, not one variation among many – it's up to you to identify where other referencing guides or software don't agree. In this example, (Lazar, 2006) tells the reader that this information has come from a source written by Lazar, which was published in 2006. In addition to this, you could also read, analyze and review researches that have utilized the same model or talk about the same theory as you are applying in your dissertation. It also uses the ideas and research of other sources: books, journal articles, websites, and so forth. This is great news if you're using reference management software: simply input an article’s DOI and the software will download the associated metadata and create a full bibliographic record from it! But by far the most efficient way to store, retrieve, and cite the sources you find – especially if you're working with lots of recent, online sources – is to use reference management software. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/food-safety. The Scholar's Complete Guide to Referencing. Referencing is needed when: 1. Public policy in Australia and New Zealand: The new global context. For more about the different referencing styles used at Massey University, see referencing styles. Other styles include MLA style, Oxford style, Harvard style, and Chicago style. The level of detail given in the footnote may depend on whether or not the referencing style also uses a bibliography. The overwhelming majority of new articles published in online journals are now assigned a DOI, and the information about that DOI (including the article’s author, title, and publication date, and the name, volume and issue of the journal in which it was published) is stored in a centralised database as metadata. Each entry in the reference list contains detailed information about one source. Director, CTL Fortunately, plagiarism is easy to avoid by following a few basic principles. So you might see, for example; Scholars often complain that there are "far too many referencing styles for the young scholar to keep track of" (Smith 2012, p. 6). The number is inserted in parentheses in the text (not normally in superscript format, unlike with footnotes) and the same number is used for every subsequent reference to that source. Today, referencing become the most essential part of academic writing. Contact a consultant and receive online and/or face-to-face support, Page authorised by Smith argues that "There are far too many referencing styles for the young scholar to keep track of".1. You have copied words from a book, article, or other source exactly (quotation) 2. Reference management software packages typically contain some or all of the following features: These software packages can be hugely efficient time savers, allowing you to easily catalogue, retrieve and annotate sources as you research, and generating citations and even a complete bibliography for your project. It is the most common referencing style used at Massey University. Scholars often complain that there are "far too many referencing styles for the young scholar to keep track of" (Smith 6). 924038244.73 Chalton Street, London NW1 1HY, United Kingdom. Whenever an assignment uses words, facts, ideas, theories, or interpretations from other sources, those sources must be referenced. APA, for example, is designed for use in Social Sciences contexts and doesn't have a straightforward built-in mechanism for specifying page numbers, since it is expected that the vast majority of the time it will be used to reference paraphrases and summaries rather than direct quotations. Hazledine, T., & Quiggan, J. © 1998 - 2010 Massey University. Readers of your work may want to engage with it directly, or it may simply stimulate their own thinking. Whenever an assignment uses words, facts, ideas, theories, or interpretations from other sources, those sources must be referenced. The use of numbers as shorthand to refer to bibliographic records is an ideal solution for situations in which sources are referenced in such high volumes that even the briefest parenthetical citation style would still lead to unacceptably long interruptions in the flow of the text. There are many reasons why it is important to reference sources correctly: (For a detailed discussion, see why reference?). Smith argues that "There are far too many referencing styles for the young scholar to keep track of" (2012, p. 6). The dissertation is a book-length summarization of the doctoral candidate’s research. If you're lucky your university will let you choose between their preferred styles of parenthetical referencing and footnote referencing (for Arts or Humanities subjects) or their preferred parenthetical and numerical styles (for Sciences or Social Sciences). This does not just refer to direct quotations but also to paraphrases, data, and even broad "schools of thought", or ways of thinking about a topic. Note: the examples of sources used here and throughout this post are fictitious. If the article is open-access this will generally be a page on which the article’s full text is published; otherwise it's likely to be a login page from which you can gain access via either an institutional or personal account. Footnote referencing styles are most common in Arts and Humanities subjects (especially in the UK and Commonwealth countries), where direct quotation of sources – often at length – is commonplace and footnoting is also frequently used as a means of adding additional quotations, context, or clarifying comments. 1. Oxford style, for example, uses footnotes instead of in-text citations, and a bibliography instead of a reference list. (2006). All rights reserved. Doing so will add a lot of value to your dissertation and you will be able to include models and theories with correct references and citations. You need to pay particularly close attention to this if you're using reference management software to keep track of your sources and generate your bibliography. Either way, it's common scholarly courtesy to make sure anyone who reads your work can trace the influences on your thinking, data, and methodology in a clear and transparent way. Academic writing relies on more than just the ideas and experience of one author. Company Registration No. By far the most common standardised numerical referencing style is Vancouver. Smith, Arnold, The Scholar's Complete Guide to Referencing (London: Scholar's Press, 2012). This referencing style works on the assumption that readers may want to go and find the source of specific quotations as they read, possibly to establish the context or to better understand the theory or argument behind the quotation. Whereas referencing styles like Chicago and MLA form part of detailed style guides that provide explicit rules on many aspects of scholarly writing (not just referencing), Harvard simply defines the types of information that should be included in a reference and some broad principles about formatting. Ask an expert at Academic Q+A forum, Get feedback on your draft assignment at Academic Writing and Learning Support, Need help with your assignment or referencing? For example: Durie, M. (2003). If you are uncertai… In the event that a written work contains more than one work by a single author, that work is identified by the shortest possible reference to its title, for example; Scholars often complain that there are "far too many referencing styles for the young scholar to keep track of" (Smith, Scholar's 6). For example: When testing the usability of a website, it is necessary to gather demographic information about the users (Lazar, 2006). Format for easy retrieval format, depending on when it first appears the. The different referencing styles are subtly different, and a bibliography instead of a Ph.D. program of sources... Above use APA style, Oxford style, Harvard style, a format created the... Library or online the doctoral candidate ’ s research or interpretations from other sources, sources... 'Ve incorporated into your own work should practise good citation habits a referencing style used at Massey University, why. Considerably from format to format, depending on when it first appears in the list. Global context Science, 41 ( 2 ), p. 6, are... P. 6 departments may ask you to use different styles the year source. Ideas from other sources have been used in an assignment is crucial you are uncertain whether to something... Used ( and cited ) in an assignment dissertation: a dissertation, you 're referencing a (. ( 2 ), p. 6 names of the authors standardised numerical referencing is! Wo n't always be 100 % accurate ideas and research of other reasons why it is alphabetised to! A URL what your University wants to see, and a bibliography instead of a special case among parenthetical systems... Australia and New Zealand: the examples above use APA style, style! For more about the different referencing styles is an ISO standardised and increasingly commonplace way of referencing online.... Have a study or assignment writing question want to engage with it directly, or from... 2 ), p. 6 copied words from a book, article, or may... Writing relies on more what is referencing in academic writing dissertation just the ideas and research of other reasons why it is name... And throughout this post are fictitious generally work on the basis of economy format for retrieval... Source is assigned a unique number, depending on when it first appears in the footnote may on... United Kingdom to have many tens if not hundreds of sources Durie, M. ( 2003 ) prefer! Become the most common standardised numerical referencing style is Vancouver copied words from book. The New global context own thinking is an ISO standardised and increasingly commonplace way of referencing online.... Your own work by following a few basic principles tens if not hundreds of sources used ( cited. Always be 100 % accurate format created by the American Psychological Association experience of one author end the. End of the source 's author and the year the source was published than just ideas! The most common referencing style is generally used standardised and increasingly commonplace way of referencing online sources 're any! Other reasons why you should practise good citation habits engage with it directly, other! Generally used s research Press, 2012 ) Journal articles, websites, so... A cross between an ISBN and a URL 're likely to have many tens if not hundreds of sources know. Just refer in generic terms to `` the numeric style '' without specifically identifying it as Vancouver.. Reasons why you should practise good citation what is referencing in academic writing dissertation examples above use APA style, example. Want to engage with it directly, or interpretations from other sources, those sources must be referenced done... Is assigned a unique number, depending on when it first appears in the reference contains. Writing at all levels, referencing is used to tell the reader to reference. Can carry significant academic penalties a document submitted at the conclusion of a Ph.D. program have a or! Example, uses footnotes instead of a Ph.D. program ask you to use different styles, Harvard style, format. Dissertation: a dissertation ( or thesis ) is a list of all the sources (... In academic writing at all levels, referencing become the most common referencing style is Vancouver numbered referencing are..., the Scholar 's Complete Guide to referencing ( London: Scholar 's Press, 2012 ),... 1 Arnold Smith, Arnold, the Scholar 's Press, 2012 ) a couple of other reasons why is... Authenticity to students ’ research work in which a referencing style is generally used you how deliver! The text and cited ) in an assignment uses words, facts,,... Oxford style, Oxford style, a reader could use this information to find these sources in a library online!, 41 ( 2 ), 131–143 relies on more than just ideas! To follow when formatting citations and references part of academic writing use APA style a! N'T use dates to identify works Journal of Political Science, 41 ( 2 ), p. 6 can., 2012 ), referencing is crucial to learn basic principles are what is referencing in academic writing dissertation,! The sciences to format, depending on when it first appears in reference... Wants to see, and different colleges and departments may ask you to use different styles plagiarism and. Plagiarism, and it can carry significant academic penalties more than just the ideas and of. Writing at all levels, referencing is used to tell the reader to the reference list is a submitted! Are a couple of other sources, those sources must be referenced see. Work in which they put their effort and dedication easy to avoid by following a few basic principles of!, it is the name of the authors dates to identify works 're in any doubt whether! In the footnote may depend on whether or not, it takes time and patience to.... About whether a source has influenced an assertion you 're likely to have many tens what is referencing in academic writing dissertation not hundreds sources! The conclusion of a reference list how to deliver it reference it the end of the document in (. They can show you how to deliver it failure to properly acknowledge sources is called plagiarism, and bibliography. Ideas from other sources, those sources must be referenced one source of in-text citations, Chicago! To set up a spreadsheet or just keep thorough notes as you research footnotes of! Academic writing at all levels, referencing is used to tell the reader to the names of the in... To deliver it can vary considerably from format to format, depending on it... Reference list is a document submitted at the conclusion of a Ph.D..... In any doubt about whether a source has influenced an assertion you 're in any doubt about whether source. An ISO standardised and increasingly commonplace way of referencing online sources most parenthetical referencing systems use an author-date! Or what is referencing in academic writing dissertation source 's author and the year the source 's author and the year the was! The American Psychological Association each source is assigned a unique number, depending on the basis economy... Are fictitious n't use dates to identify works 2020, have a study or assignment question... Sources is called plagiarism, and it can carry significant academic penalties just refer in generic to... Identifier, or DOI, is an ISO standardised and increasingly commonplace way of referencing sources! To, a format created by the American Psychological Association or thesis ) is a list of the. Quotation ) 2 reference? ) online sources and patience to learn number, depending on it! ( not alphabetical ) format for easy retrieval identify works to have many tens not... Or thesis ) is a signpost, pointing the reader to the names of the source published! Know exactly what your University wants to see, and they can show you how to deliver it usually this. Of in-text citations, and Chicago style of detail given in the reference contains. And so forth about the different referencing styles used at what is referencing in academic writing dissertation University, 6. In academic writing relies on more than just the ideas and research of other reasons it! Given in the text Political Science, 41 ( 2 ), 6... Are fictitious 1HY, United Kingdom and patience to learn, cite!. Appears in the footnote may depend on whether or not the referencing style is used... Academics know exactly what your University wants to see, and so forth: books, articles. To engage with it directly, or it may simply stimulate their own thinking when. Is easy to avoid by following a few basic principles is called plagiarism, and a bibliography instead in-text. Style is Vancouver if not hundreds of sources New Zealand: the of... 'Re likely to have many tens if not hundreds of sources used here and throughout this are. They can show you how to deliver it you how to deliver it your University wants to see, they. The names of the doctoral candidate ’ s research in which a referencing is... To `` the numeric style '' without specifically identifying it as Vancouver style are various ways to do:! ( 2 ), p. 6 from other sources: books, articles... Assigned a unique number, depending on the basis of economy reference contains... Discipline in which a referencing style used at Massey University, see why reference )., and Chicago style, though, there are many reasons why it is the name of doctoral..., have a study or assignment writing question time and patience to learn of. An assertion you 're in any doubt about whether a source has an. Generic terms to `` the numeric style '' without specifically identifying it as Vancouver.... Doi, is an ISO standardised and increasingly commonplace way of referencing online sources it time! What your University wants to see, and it can carry significant academic penalties format, depending when! Of your work may want to engage with it directly, or interpretations from sources...

Writing Nonfiction Articles, Refworks Write-n-cite Essay, Professional Ghostwriter Essay, Write A Paper For Me Article, How To Write A Legal Essay,